Shut up or shout loudly: Predation threat and sound production in fishes

Predation is a major ecological constraint shaping behaviour and communication in animals. Several fish species are known to modify their foraging, agonistic reproductive the presence of predators. However, close nothing about how predators affect sound production fishes. This paper reviews vocal increase chance survival by modifying intraspecific acoustic producing sounds directed towards Field studies showed that toadfish, drums squirrelfish reduced number loudness calls when dolphin were played back. These lack behavioural observations, leaving question open individual respond predation threat. Croaking gouramis (Trichopsis vittata, Osphronemidae) visual signalling during dyadic contests refrained from escalated detecting predator an adjacent tank. indicates vigilance reducing behaviour. Vocal have been observed emit approach or being caught. none (or even conspecifics nearby) responded these calls. Therefore, term “predator-related” has introduced this avoid implying unproven functions (alarm, startling, warning, distress disturbance). Interestingly, readiness numerous taxa (e.g. catfishes) vocalize hand-held netted was frequently exploited investigate relation weight, sex, sonic organs, temperature phylogeny. Increasing levels noise aquatic habitats call for more research on predator–prey interactions because potential negative effects detection produced prey.